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Note c frequency4/27/2023 For a trombone, the length is altered by pushing the tube outward away from the mouthpiece to lengthen it or pulling it in to shorten it. While the speed of sound waves within the air column is not alterable by the musician (they can only be altered by changes in room temperature), the length of the air column is. The air inside the tube will be set into vibration by a vibrating reed or the vibrations of a musician's lips against a mouthpiece. The tube of any wind instrument acts as a container for a vibrating air column. The trombone is an example of a wind instrument. The same principles can be applied to any string instrument - whether it is the harp, harpsichord, violin or guitar.Īs another example, consider the trombone with its long cylindrical tube that is bent upon itself twice and ends in a flared end. Controlling the speed and the wavelength in this manner allows a guitarist to control the natural frequencies of the vibrating object (a string) and thus produce the intended musical sounds. ![]() This modification in the length of the string would affect the wavelength of the wave and in turn the natural frequency at which a particular string vibrates at. The vibrating portion of a particular string can be shortened by pressing the string against one of the frets on the neck of the guitar. Changes in these properties would affect the natural frequency of the particular string. The speed at which waves move through the strings is dependent upon the properties of the medium - in this case the tightness (tension) of the string and the linear density of the strings. There are six strings, each having a different linear density (the wider strings are more dense on a per meter basis), a different tension (which is controllable by the guitarist), and a different length (also controllable by the guitarist). The role of a musician is to control these variables in order to produce a given frequency from the instrument that is being played. Since frequency = speed/wavelengthĪn alteration in either speed or wavelength will result in an alteration of the natural frequency. Each of these factors will either affect the wavelength or the speed of the object. The actual frequency at which an object will vibrate at is determined by a variety of factors. When a meter stick or pencil is dropped on the floor, it vibrates with a number of frequencies, producing a complex sound wave that is clanky and noisy. These objects are not musical at all and the sounds that they create could be described as noise. Still other objects will vibrate at a set of multiple frequencies that have no simple mathematical relationship between them. A tuba tends to vibrate at a set of frequencies that are mathematically related by whole number ratios it produces a rich tone. Other objects vibrate and produce more complex waves with a set of frequencies that have a whole number mathematical relationship between them these are said to produce a rich sound. A flute tends to vibrate at a single frequency, producing a very pure tone. Some objects tend to vibrate at a single frequency and they are often said to produce a pure tone. The quality or timbre of the sound produced by a vibrating object is dependent upon the natural frequencies of the sound waves produced by the objects. If the amplitudes of the vibrations are large enough and if natural frequency is within the human frequency range, then the vibrating object will produce sound waves that are audible.Īll objects have a natural frequency or set of frequencies at which they vibrate. The frequency or frequencies at which an object tends to vibrate with when hit, struck, plucked, strummed or somehow disturbed is known as the natural frequency of the object. When each of these objects vibrates, they tend to vibrate at a particular frequency or a set of frequencies. If you blow over the top of a pop bottle, the air inside will vibrate. If you pluck a guitar string, it will begin to vibrate. If you drop a meter stick or pencil on the floor, it will begin to vibrate. Nearly all objects, when hit or struck or plucked or strummed or somehow disturbed, will vibrate. ![]() The sound could be musical or it could be noisy but regardless of its quality, the sound wave is created by a vibrating object. Any object that vibrates will create a sound. The vibrating object that creates the disturbance could be the vocal cords of a person, the vibrating string and soundboard of a guitar or violin, the vibrating tines of a tuning fork, or the vibrating diaphragm of a radio speaker. ![]() The vibrating object is the source of the disturbance that moves through the medium. As has been previously mentioned in this unit, a sound wave is created as a result of a vibrating object.
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